Rene Descartes an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Rene Descartes I. Presentation Rene Descartes was a French rationalist, researcher, and mathematician. When the scholarly developments of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance had gotten hopeless, he considered new projects for theory and science and expounded and protected them with extraordinary innovation and brightness. Descartes established present day philosophical realism and affected ensuing rationalists all things considered. He was among the first to understand reasoning as giving an essential establishment to science and dismissing the customary scrutinizing perfect, to see science as a methods for procuring authority over nature to serve humanity. Notwithstanding being a trend-setter in reasoning, he was one of the makers of numerical material science, the designer of logical geometry, and a significant figure in the chronicles of optics, physiology, and different parts of science (Cottingham, 2002). Need paper test on Rene Descartes subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue II. Foundation A. Early life Rene Descartes was conceived on March 31, 1596, in La Haye, a modest community in the Tonraine region, presently called La Haye-Descartes in his respect. He guaranteed, erroneously, that his mom kicked the bucket while bringing forth him: truth be told, she passed on while bringing forth another youngster about a year later. He was raised first by one of his grandmas and afterward by the other until, at 10 years old, he entered the Jesuit school at La Fleche, close to Le Mans, in 1614 he moved on from this school: after two years, maybe to fulfill his dad (who was an authority of the Parlement of Britanny) he acquired a degree in law from University of Poitiers. Descartes family was wealthy, and he got a pay that empowered him to live in moderate solace for an incredible duration. He seems to have had impressive trouble, as a youngster, in getting himself. Until he was around 30 his commitment to the philosophical and logical interests he had created at La Fleche was to some degree irregular and unsystematic. Periods in which his scholarly action was strikingly exceptional and gainful substituted with periods in which he drove a pretty much dilettantish life (Cottingham, 2002). Descartes went through quite a while as a fighter, a standard occupation for more youthful children of his social class. In 1617, he went to the Netherlands and joined the military of Maurice of Nassau. He discovered battalion life exhausting in the extraordinary until he met Isaac Beeckman, a mathematician and physicist who perceived Descartes ability and whom Descartes credited with having stirred him from his scholarly torpor. In the wake of serving quickly in Germany with the Duke of Bavaria in 1619, Descartes finished his military profession. There is no proof that he was ever in battle. Quite a while later, be that as it may, while living in Paris, he incapacitated a man in swordplay over an affront to a woman (Moyal, 2001). B. First Creative Period During his stay in Germany, Descartes had kept up and increased the scholarly force recently created in him by his conversations with Beeckman. Not long in the wake of leaving the Netherlands, he made some significant numerical revelations, and this achievement enlivened him with desire. His endeavors to expand his accomplishment arrived at their peak in the fall of 1619, when he considered the arrangement of an all inclusive science, where all issues helpless to human explanation could be illuminated and in which all philosophical and logical truth could be bound together as a solitary framework (Kenny, 2004). The commendation actuated in him during this supported time of strikingly imaginative work was followed in the blink of an eye by fatigue and self-uncertainty, and he endured a concise passionate emergency. The evening of Nov. 10-11, 1619, he had three dreams that dazzled him profoundly. He comprehended the fantasies as mirroring his contentions concerning the estimation of his thoughts and the dangers associated with submitting his life to them. His nerves were obviously settled when he deciphered the fantasies to imply that his originations were sound and that it was his strategic make the arrangement of thought whose chance he accepted he had found. Somewhere in the range of 1619 and 1627, Descartes lived in Paris for quite a long while and invested the remainder of energy voyaging. He lived in Italy for around year and a half, during which period he made a journey to the hallowed place of the Virgin Mary at Loreto, satisfying a promise he made after his three dreams in November 1619. For some time he joined the spin of Parisian public activity, yet the job of an arrogant didn't fulfill him, and he sloughed it off conveniently by changing his habitation without notice to his companions. He composed next to no during this period, however his notoriety was developing, and he approached the most progressive scholarly circles (Cottingham, 2002). Some portion of Descartes vision of widespread science was a thought of the strategy for request by which progress in reasoning and in the sciences may most dependably be made. Scenes of occupied inertness separated, he committed himself to a great extent to rehearsing the utilization of this technique and to refining his origination of it. He was particularly interested by the telescope, which had as of late become known in France, and he worked effectively on different issues in optics that emerged over the span of his endeavors to structure increasingly powerful adjustable focal points. Late in 1627, Descartes had a significant discussion about his philosophical and logical program with Pierre Cardinal de Berulle, a main figure in the Roman Catholic renaissance in France. He persuaded Berulle that the undertaking he had imagined may prompt advancement in medication and in the helpful expressions for the most part, and in this manner would be of tremendous pragmatic advantage to humankind. Berulle emphatically directed him to dedicate every one of his energies to the undertaking and to make it feasible for others to go along with him in his work (Moyal, 2001). The discussion clearly decisively affected Descartes. Saturated with a clear feeling of the direness of his obligation, he set out to improve his states of work and to submit himself wholeheartedly to accomplishing the outcomes that he accepted his strategy made conceivable. It was at about this time he chose to leave France for the Netherlands, where the atmosphere was cooler and where he would not be dependent upon the interruptions of French life. C. Move to the Netherlands Descartes settled in the Netherlands in 1628 and, with the exception of a couple of rather concise visits of France, stayed there until 1649. By 1633, he had finished a significant work, entitled The World (Le Monde), in which introduced portions of his arrangement of material science and the consequences of his exploration in physiology and in embryology. The book was going to be distributed when he discovered that the Roman Catholic Church had recently censured Galileo for upholding the Copernican hypothesis of the nearby planetary group. Since the cosmic hypothesis created in The World was additionally Copernican, Descartes smothered the book, and it didn't show up until numerous years after his passing (Kenny, 2004). In 1637, Descartes distributed namelessly three papers (Essais) detailing the consequences of his work in geometry, in optics, and in meteorology, introduced by an extensive Discourse on Method (Discours de la methode). Albeit most got the hang of composing around then was in Latin, Descartes composed the Discourse and the expositions in French. He trusted they would be perused by researchers as well as by keen men by and large and even by ladies; his goal was to go over the leaders of the insightful network to individuals who had no personal stake in the conventional teachings he was anxious to displace. The Discourse is composed generally with extraordinary clarity and appeal, and it is broadly viewed as one of the works of art of French writing. It contains a scholarly collection of memoirs, representations of Descartes strategy and transcendentalism, assessments of certain logical inquiries (counting a record of Harveys revelation of the flow of the blood, which Descartes was among the first to acknowledge and to promote), and a conversation of the conditions and prospects of further advancement in technical disciplines. Regardless of its title, it doesn't give a nitty gritty record of his strategy. In 1628, preceding he left France, Descartes has started to compose, in Latin, a treatise on technique called Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Regulae promotion directionem ingenii). It was his lone significant work on technique, yet he didn't finish it and his composition was not distributed until 1701, over 50 years after his passing (Dicker, 1993). In 1641, Descartes distributed in Latin his most significant book on mysticism, Meditations Concerning Primary Philosophy (Meditationes de prima philosophia), in which he endeavored to set up the structure of ideas and the essential suspicions that he accepted the advancement of science required. He committed the contemplations to the philosophical experts in France. III. Conversation A. Principles Before the finish of the sixteenth century, the soundness and authority of the essentially Aristotelian scholarly culture of the late Middle Ages (also its social, political, and strict organizations) had been definitively subverted. Be that as it may, no similarly exhaustive elective perspective on the world, and of keeps an eye on spot and job in it, had at this point been sufficiently settled. For a significant number of the most delicate and honest savvy people of the period the outcome was a profound feeling of vulnerability (most eminently communicated by Montaigne) to relinquish dynamic life and to pull back into oneself (Dicker, 1993). Descartes revived the philosophical idea of his time by changing its doubt and accentuation on self from articulations of gloom into innovative instruments adding to scholarly advance. a.) Method Descartes respected the arguments of Aristotelian rationale as useless for the motivations behind request. He discovered them appropriate for

Macbeth Essay – the Similarities and Differences Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

Tran Huyen My †Amy ENG3U Ms. Jeska January tenth , 2012 Before and After When contrasting Macbeth and Lady Macbeth with one another, the fundamental closeness between them that must be referenced is that the two of them have high desire for eminence and significance. Close to the just a single noteworthy likeness, they likewise vary with two unmistakable contrasts. All through the play, the two of them depicted as shrewd characters who have submitted the passings of different characters, anyway the main thrust of their barbarous conduct are absolutely different.The reason that drives Lady Macbeth to her threatening character was forbearance while Macbeth’s main impetus was spurred by his huge ravenousness. The defects each had come about their ruin and this is the last extraordinary when contrasting Macbeth and his significant other. The fundamental closeness that Macbeth and his better half, Lady Macbeth both shared was their high aspiration for eminence and significance . That was additionally the establishment for submitting all the homicides all through the play which are brought about by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Because of the forecast of the three witches â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor†¦ shalt be King hereafter† (Act 1, Scene 3).The predictions set off the aspirations in Macbeth as well as give ascents of greater desire in Lady Macbeth. The passing of King Duncan depicted a model in the play that unmistakably demonstrated how Lady Macbeth conveyed herself with her aspirations (Act 2, Scene 2). As all the perusers know, the principal demise in the play, King Duncan, who is clearly slaughtered by Macbeth. To add to this, Lady Macbeth was likewise the one liable for the homicide of King Duncan. By utilizing Macbeth’s love for her, Lady Macbeth convinces him into murdering King Duncan since Macbeth adores and confides in his better half; he is defenseless against her feelings and temptations.That is appea red in the statement â€Å"We come up short! In any case, screw your mental fortitude to the staying place [†¦] who will bear the blame of our extraordinary subdue? † (Act 1, Scene 7). Due to her desire of turning out to be King and Queen, Lady Macbeth’s aspiration assumed control over her ethical quality and eventuall wound up murmuring savage words that caused King Duncan’s lamentable demise. For Macbeth, his desire was likewise developing as the play advances. While the aspiration of Lady Macbeth stops after she accomplished her longing of turning into the Queen of Scotland, Macbeth was all the while getting increasingly dedicated to his incredible ambition.The confirmations for the extraordinary desire of Macbeth are that he is again dedicated the following two deaths of Banquo and Macduff’s spouse and child (Act 3, Scene 3 and Act 4, Scene 2). He killed these individuals since he feared the forecasts from the three witches that may work out: For the expectation of Banquo, three witches said that his child will become King, â€Å"Lesser than Macbeth, and more prominent [†¦]. For another expectation of Macduff, they said that Macbeth ought to know about Macduff, â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Be careful Macduff.Beware the Thane of Fife †Dismiss me. Enough. † (Act 4, Scene 1). Because of these two expectations, Macbeth chose to slaughter those individuals who may be a perilous danger to his seat. Those two confirmations plainly show the Macbeth’s extraordinary aspiration totally transformed him into an extremely insatiable being and a man who needed human attributes as he will do anything, including murdering individuals, just to make sure about his capacity. All things considered, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the equivalent, the two of them have high aspirations which are only for accomplishing their own sovereignty and greatness.Although Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both depicted as underhand ed characters who have focused on all the killings in the play, their main thrust with drove them to their mercilessness is entirely unexpected to one another which was additionally the primary contrast that vary them in the play. Both have a similar wickedness trademark yet for Lady Macbeth, her cleverness is inspired by her abstemiousness. She thinks for Macbeth that drives her to the choice of murdering King Duncan since she needs her significant other to turn into the King of Scotland. Statement â€Å" [†¦] Come, you spirits that tend on mortal musings, unsex me here [†¦] nor keep harmony among th’effect and it! (Act 1, Scene 5). In interpretation, the statement fundamentally said that Lady Macbeth needed to turn into a man, less like a lady so she won’t feel regret, with the goal that no human empathy can stop her abhorrent arrangement or keep her from achieving it. Through the interpretation of that quote, the perusers infered that she needed to be mor e grounded in light of the fact that she felt regret and regretful when she settled on the choice to execute; which implies the humankind despite everything exists in her. From this, it shows that she wouldn't like to slaughter Duncan except if it is the main way can cause Macbeth to turn into the King.Therefore, directly after she accomplished her longing, the desire quit asking her which was demonstrated by the occasions in the play that she was not dedicated to any longer murder after the demise of King Duncan. On the in opposition to Lady Macbeth, the main thrust to the evilness in Macbeth originated from his own ravenousness for what he can't have. Toward the start of the play, he was battling about whether he should execute King Duncan or not and he was by all accounts blameworthy for his choices. After the homicide was done, Macbeth authoritatively turned into the King of Scotland. That was the point at which he turned out to be increasingly more driven in light of the fact t hat now he could do anything he needed to.Lead by the fire of desire, Macbeth attempted to kill Banquo and his child, Fleance, which was a model that truly demonstrated to the perusers of his ravenousness. Statement â€Å"To be consequently is nothing, however to be securely accordingly †Upon my head they plac’d a vain crown [†¦] come destiny, into the rundown, and champion me to the expression. † (Act 3, Scene 1). From the statement expressed, they indicated that Macbeth was envious with Banquo whose child will turn into the King simply like in the witches’ prophecies,while Macbeth doesn't have a child who expected to have his spot as the successor.Macbeth suspected it was not reasonable on the grounds that in the wake of everything that he had done only for their advantage. To make sure about his capacity and ensure his seat for himself, indeed, Macbeth submitted the passing of his dear companion, Banquo. From those clarifications, Macbeth has totall y changed into a malevolent man since he was unreasonably voracious for what he can't have. Toward the finish of the play, the destruction of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth was their notorious demise. Be that as it may, contrasting their ruins with one another, they were likewise altogether different to the desires for the greater part of the readers.Their defeat was another distinction added to the complexity among Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Particularly for Lady Macbeth, whom arranged the homicide of King Duncan and attempted to persuade her significant other to dispose of the blame and to follow her plan. Before the butchery began, she showed herself as a savage, self-assured lady when managing her husband’s wavering about the killing of King Duncan which was appeared in the statement â€Å"When you durst to do it, at that point you were a man [†¦] had I so sworn as you have one to this. † (Act 1, Scene 7).The crowd was persuade that Lady Macbeth will never feel any b lame concerning the homicide, however her feeling of remorse was shown close to the finish of the play. She started to sleepwalk and remembered the homicide in her brain. Statement â€Å"Out, accursed spot! Out, I state! One; two; why, at that point tis time to do't. Hellfire is dinky! Fie, my lordâ€fie! a warrior, and afeard? † (Act 5, Scene 1). Over the span of the play, Lady Macbeth was depicted as an extreme character, through her activities with her better half, her own assessments of the killings, lastly she attempted to adapt to her conspicuous guilt.The blame of the homicide currently has gotten horrendous for her and toward the end, her surprising defeat occurred as she executed herself. On the opposite with Lady Macbeth, Macbeth demonstrated his dread and blame when managing the homicide of Duncan which is appeared in the area of that he saw the fanciful knife. From the outset, Macbeth's expectations would have been less genuine if his better half was not more on edge than he was. Not as confident as his better half, Lady Macbeth utilizes his affection for her to constrain him to follow her arrangement, in this manner, he had to kill Duncan; pushed by his significant other along these lines it is incompletely Lady Macbeth’s issue for Macbeth’s downfall.However, as the story advances, the more uncaring and valiant Macbeth became just as the body checks that he caused started to rise. For instance, after the passing of King Duncan was the demise of Banquo and Macduff’s family was likewise the survivor of the Macbeth’s rage. He appears to become overlooked the basic human sentiments and feelings. The statement, he states, â€Å"I have nearly overlooked the flavor of fears: The time has been my faculties would have cooled to hear a night-screech and my fell of hair would at an inauspicious treatise energize and mix. † (Act 5, Scene 5). He even can't feel dread as he understood Malcolm’s armed force will attack him soon.He further indicated how he was invulnerable to human feeling in the accompanying second, when he was informed that Lady Macbeth had passed on. Macbeth responded icily by saying â€Å"She ought to have kicked the bucket in the future. † (Act 5, Scene 5). Those are a few confirmations obviously demonstrating the sudden changes of Macbeth as his destruction heightened. Toward the finish of the play, the last ruin that Macbeth needed to hold up under was his headless passing (Act 5, scene 8). In general, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have just a single same comparability and that was that the two of them have high aspirations and avarices for eminence and significance, and this was the fundamental driver for submitting the murders.In the play, the connection among Macbeth and Lady Macbeth unfurled in an effectively enthusiastic marriage. They are grounded by their affection and would do nearly anything for one another, hence, it was likewise the main impetus of Lady Macbeth’s evilness

Introduction To ROTC At MIT

Introduction To ROTC At MIT My name is Evan Karlik, and I graduated from both MIT and Navy ROTC this past spring. In response to a variety of inquiries regarding ROTC, its my pleasure to introduce a new guest-author blog that will help you to better understand the ROTC programs here at MIT.   ROTC is more than your average student activity. Its primary purpose is to prepare MIT undergraduates who are US citizens for success as officers in the United States military, but there are opportunities for international students to get involved as well. What makes military service attractive to us? Some reasons include access to advanced vehicles, systems, and technology, the chance to assume a challenging leadership role early on, and an opportunity to serve our country. A scholarship usually accompanies involvement in ROTC, though there is an application process whether you are in high school or have already started as a student here.   My classmates and I graduated from MIT on a Friday morning in June and received our commissions that evening, making us active duty officers in the US military. From there, well go on to diverse assignments, such as an RD job in an Air Force laboratory, infantry officer school followed by command of an Army or Marine Corps platoon, flight school for the Navy or Air Force, or the nuclear reactor training required before serving aboard fast-attack or ballistic missile submarines. In fact, the Institute has quite an established tradition of preparing students to serve as officers in the military; since its founding, more than 12,000 officers have been commissioned from MIT, of whom more than 150 have attained the rank of general or admiral.   Many ROTC students are also active in varsity sports, fraternities and sororities, academic clubs and honor societies, music groups, UROP (undergraduate research) one great advantage of the ROTC program is youll have a chance to live a balanced college lifestyle.   To provide you with a window into the everyday lives of our cadets and midshipmen, this blog will highlight six MIT students: two Air Force cadets, two Army cadets, and two Navy midshipmen. Theyll provide regular accounts of ROTC courses and events, in addition to information about their backgrounds, MIT classes, extracurriculars, and future plans. We hope you enjoy reading!   Ensign Evan Karlik, MIT 07 Post Tagged #ROTC

Bee vs. Wasp Differences and Similarities

Some species of bees and wasps look very similar. Both can sting, both can fly and both belong to the same order of insects,  Hymenoptera. The  larvae  of both look like maggots. They also have many differences, too, in terms of aggressiveness, body characteristics, food types, and sociability. Close Relatives Bees and wasps belong to the same suborder, Apocrita, which is characterized by a common narrow waist.  It is this thin junction between the  thorax  and the abdomen that gives these insects  a slender-looking waist appearance. However, look closely and youll see that the abdomen and thorax of a bee is more round, whereas a wasp has a more cylindrical body.​​ Aggressiveness If youve been stung out of the blue, it was probably a wasp. In general, neither bee nor wasp will go looking for humans or other large animals to attack. Bees and wasps sting humans and other animals only for self-defense or to protect their colonies. Compared to wasps, however, bees are less aggressive. The bees stinger mechanism is strictly for defense, and most honeybees will die after stinging a predator or other threatening being. That is because bee stingers are barbed, and stay in the target of the sting attack. The loss of its stinger causes bodily injury to the bee that eventually kills it. On the other hand, a wasp is easily provoked and is more aggressive by nature. A wasp stings to capture and kill prey. Wasps can sting a target multiple times since its stinger is smooth and slips out of its target; wasps can also sting while you try to brush it away. And, when a wasp is harmed or threatened, it releases hormones to mark the target for its family swarm to attack. Foods of Choice Bees are vegetarian and are pollinators. They sip nectar from flowers and can also drink water and bring water back to the hive to clean it. They do not kill and consume other insects. Wasps are more predatory than bees, hunting and killing prey including caterpillars and flies. However, wasps do sip on nectar too. They are attracted to the smell of human food, such as sugary beverages and beer, which is why you find them buzzing around. Bees also generate edible and attractive foods suitable for humans and other mammals. Bees make honey, honeycombs of (relatively) edible wax and royal jelly. Royal jelly is a special food high in proteins and carbohydrates which is secreted by worker bees and fed to all larvae and queen bees — in fact, queen bees only become queens after having been fed royal jelly. Some wasp species do make a kind of honey, which they also store in their nests to feed their larvae, but with much less output than bee honey. Home and Social Structure Another key difference is how bees and wasps live. Bees are highly social creatures. They live in nests or colonies with up to 75,000 members, all in support of a single queen bee and the colony. Different species of bees construct different types of nests. Many species build hives, a mathematically intricate structure made of a densely packed matrix of hexagonal cells made of beeswax, called a honeycomb. The bees use the cells to store food, such as honey and pollen, and all to house the next generations eggs, larvae, and pupae. Stingless bee species (Meliponidae) build bag-like homes without precise structures, and often establish nests in caves, rock cavities, or hollow trees. Honeybees dont hibernate over the winter — although the queen lives for three years or so, the worker bees all die off when winter comes. For the most part, wasps are social, too, but their colonies never have more than 10,000 members. Some species choose to be solitary and live entirely on their own. Unlike honey bees, wasps have no wax-producing glands, so their nests are made from a paper-like substance built of redigested wood pulp. Solitary wasps can create a small mud nest, attach it to any surface, and make that its base of operations. The nests of some social wasps, such as hornets, are first constructed by the queen and reach about the size of a walnut. Once the sterile daughters of the queen wasp come of age, they take over construction and grow the nest into a paper ball. The size of a nest is generally a good indicator of the number of female workers in the colony. Social wasp colonies often have populations exceeding several thousand female workers and at least one queen. Wasp queens hibernate over the winter and emerge during the spring. Quick Look at Apparent Differences Characteristic Bee Wasp Stinger Honeybees: Barbed stinger is pulled out from bee, which kills the beeOther bees: Live to sting again Small stinger that slips out from victim and wasp lives to sting again Body Rounder body usually appears hairy Usually slender and smooth body Legs Flat, wide and hairy legs Smooth, round and waxy legs Colony Size As many as 75,000 No more than 10,000 Nest Material Self-generated beeswax Self-generated paper from wood pulp or mud Nest Structure Hexagonal matrix or bag-shaped Ball-shaped or stacked cylinders Sources Downing, H. A., and R. L. Jeanne. Nest Construction by the Paper Wasp, Polistes: A Test of Stigmergy Theory. Animal Behaviour 36.6 (1988): 1729-39. Print. Hunt, James H., et al. Nutrients in Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae) Honey. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91.4 (1998): 466-72. Print. Resh, Vincent H. and Ring T. Carde. Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd edition. 2009. Print. Rossi, A. M., and J. H. Hunt. Honey Supplementation and Its Developmental Consequences: Evidence for Food Limitation in a Paper Wasp, Polistes Metricus. Ecological Entomology 13.4 (1988): 437-42. Print. Triplehorn, Charles A., and Norman F. Johnson. Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.

Magnification Of Darkness In Frankenstein - 906 Words

The magnification of Victor Frankenstein’s darkness in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein can be shown through his actions alone. But, with the addition of pure and monstrous characters, Frankenstein’s evil is brought to light through their actions as well. Though overcome with depression and suffering, light shines into Frankenstein’s world, ultimately amplifying his darkness. Elizabeth Lavenza magnifies Frankenstein’s darkness through her light because she loved him in spite of his evil, her love ultimately kept him alive, and the essence of her encouraged him to destroy the Monster in the end. Elizabeth Lavenza knows the suffering and trials Victor has been tested with throughout his pursuit of knowledge in science. She knows his†¦show more content†¦Victor tells the reader, â€Å"I was seized by remorse and the sense of guilt, which hurried me away to a hell of intense tortures.† (NEED CITATION) Because of this overpowering guilt and de pression, Victor even contemplates suicide; saying, â€Å"I was tempted to plunge into the silent lake, that the waters might close over me and my calamities forever.† (81). But throughout all of his suffering, Victor found hope and love in Elizabeth. In one of the letters he wrote to her, he proclaims, â€Å"I fear, my beloved girl, little happiness remains for us on earth; yet all that I may one day enjoy is centered in you.† (168). In this statement of love, Victor summarizes what he has to live for. His happiness does not remain in science, friendships, or family; but resides in his future with Elizabeth. He later talks about the last moments of his life during which he enjoyed the genuine feeling of happiness, his wedding. While alive, Elizabeth had been his greatest lover, encouraging him through all of his darkest valleys. And even in her passing, the vengeance of her death consumes Victor’s mind, dedicating his life to kill the horrific Monster which he had created. A constant theme Frankenstein struggles with throughout the novel is when a person loves someone, they protect them from the pain, they do not become the cause of it. In the cause of his horrid creation of the Monster, he believes to have been

Team Sport Free Essays

His stomach was like a helicopter, churning around nervously. The palms of his hands were shaking in an irritable manner and in all truthfulness; he probably had the right to be so nervous. The period that was next was the one he had been dreading all morning. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the first lesson of his new school and it was sport! He heard the last bell for class and painfully sauntered into the roomy school gym. ‘God’ he thought, ‘I hate team sports.’ He remembered at his old school how, nerve-racking it felt to be picked last! He thought that now it would be even worse being the new kid. About fifty, different sized boys were standing in a restless random fashion. Some were shouting, trying to prove their side in an argument, others were wrestling each other on the rugged, aged gym floor. One group was sitting quietly, contemplating some math theory they developed, but most of the boys were making clamorous, heavy noises. Obviously, the teacher was not present. As he walked in most of the boys’ attentions were changed to him. Some of the more insecure boys snickered and laughed savagely at him, pulling faces. Others were surprised, because they had never seen him before. He was obviously new. He stood there tensely, playing with his untidy, white-blond hair. He was attempting to act as if he wasn’t the centre of attention, and that he wasn’t at all nervous and sensitive. It wasn’t really working out, because about fifty boys’ eyes glued to him like couch potatoes watching television, watching his every movement. He was in luck though, because the broad, glass double-door of the gym swung open. Every boy looked at the person who entered the gym. When they realised that it was the teacher, they started to groan. They didn’t want another lengthy, tiresome school year to start. But, some of their faces were excited at having such a teacher that was so young, that she was straight out of uni. She wasn’t bad looking either, in their opinions. Also, usually the young teachers could not control the class, so they could have some fun in sport. Or so they thought†¦ â€Å"Good-morning boys.† She greeted briskly, in a hight-pitched, tight voice, â€Å"My name is Ms. Hart, and I am your new P.E. teacher for your entire middle school. So, not only am I teaching you guys, but I am also teaching the lower grades of seven to nine. I will make sure that every one will be fit, happy and healthy by the time the year is over.† ‘Happy?’ doubted the new boy, ‘that’s not a word in my vocabulary.’ He shuddered; remembering the times that the guys at his old school had made fun of his white-blonde hair, calling it ‘granny hair’. â€Å"I have one more thing to say before we get started into a game of basketball. Who are the new boys this year?† The new kid raised his long hand feebly, along with two others. Miss Hart observed them closely. She finally spoke. â€Å"What are your names?† she inquired enthusiastically. â€Å"Eric Jacobs.† The blond kid answered. â€Å"Martin Gregory.† â€Å"Michael Tran.† The other boys said. The young teacher hesitated for a couple of seconds before grouping them up into groups. Eric was put into a group of boys that were from an Italian background. He walked towards them. They stared hesitantly back at him. One smiled and said confidently, â€Å"Hey Eric, pleased to meet you. Ready to kick but on the basketball court? â€Å"Sure, why not.† Eric said self-consciously. ‘Maybe this new school was ok.’ He thought. ‘Maybe he would finally get a chance to fit in.’ How to cite Team Sport, Papers

Debut Albums and Champion free essay sample

Thats right, and you need to remember that all through this game I will conquer what has not been conquered Defeat will not be in my creed I will believe what others have doubted I will always endeavor to pull esteem, honor, and respect out of my team I have rained my mind and my body will follow Who am l?I AM A CHAMPION I will acknowledge the fact that my opponent does not expect me to win But I will never surrender Weakness will not be In my heart I will look to my comrades and to those who are a part of me in this world and those who have trained me And I will draw strength from them I will gladly go out into the field of battle And I will move in everything I can do And I will reach my field of battle by any means at my disposal And when I get there, I will arrive violently I will rip the heart from my enemy, and leave It bleeding on the ground Because he Anton stop me Who am l?I AM A CHAMPIONS To my side I have comrades, comrades that have been with me through thick and thin Who have sacrificed their blood, sweat and tears Never will I let them fall, never will I let them down, and I will never leave an enemy behind Because our opponent does not know my heart No one will deny me, no one will define me And no one will tell me who and what I am and can be Belief will change my world It has moved continents, It has moved countries, It has put men on the moon And It will carry me through this battle I dont understand those definitionsI dont understand when things go wrong I dont understand mistakes But I do understand this: I understand victory, And I understand never surrendering No matter how bad things go my heart and my mind will carry my body through limits and weakness Who am l? I AM A CHAMPION! Today will be that day Not tomorrow, not next week, but right now, right here In your house and in your homes History will remember me I will not let worrying affect my cause I will define myself I will write my own pages And no one will tell me what I cannot be I will never give upNot until Vive given everything I got Because who am l? I AM A CHAMPION! The speech l Am a Champion by coach Flowers is an example of a strong voice. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Champion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he is attempting to pump up his players, his voice is extremely firm. He uses good diction like the word bestowed because he wants to be clear to his players so they know what his point is and what he is trying to portray. Also, he doesnt stutter or use the word like at all during his speech. He wouldnt use this voice to his elders or co-workers because they would think he is yelling at them or being rude. He only uses this to his players because he is encouraging them to play their hardest and go out there and win the championship. He also knows that they will listen to him because he is the one that taught them everything and he determines how good they will play. Coach Flowers also does not stutter or use like one time in his speech. This shows that he is prepared and he knows what he is talking about. A Strong voice is determined by all of those factors that I described and I believe that coach Flowers does have a strong voice.

What is Schizophrenia

Table of Contents Introduction What is Schizophrenia Studies on the Disorder Treatment Options The Success of Treatment Options Conclusion Reference List Introduction Many different psychological disorders that have been discovered in the medical world tend to afflict human beings thus affecting their day-to-day activities. Psychological disorders come in different ways. At the same time, they are tackled in different ways that can be described as the best in the present-day world of medicine.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Schizophrenia? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some psychological disorders can be described as acquired while some can be described as genetic depending on their manifestation in the human beings. The treatment and management of these disorders also vary, with some of the disorders being treatable and eliminated completely while some can only be controlled but not elimi nated. Different approaches are employed when dealing with psychological disorders. In fact, although different people can be diagnosed with the same disorder, they will show different signs individually and hence the conclusion that psychological disorders show different indicators that make up a certain disorder when put together. As the study reveals, one such disorder that can be described as complex is schizophrenia because of the different ways it manifests in human being as well as the different forms it afflicts its victims. What is Schizophrenia Schizophrenia as a disease or mental disorder has been in existence for a very long time, as long as humans have existed. Previously, the classification of mental illnesses was so poor that almost all mental illnesses were lumped together without trying to sort them out (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1187). Way back in the year 1911, a Swiss doctor called Eugene Blair coined the name schizophrenia from two Greek words, ‘schizo’, m eaning split, and the word ‘phrene’, meaning mind, and hence the term schizophrenia that means a disconnected mind. The disease comes in different forms by exhibiting different characteristics specific to an individual case. In most cases, an individual would exhibit one or more of the following characteristics, which are pointers to the disease. They include delusions, which are strange and unrealistic beliefs that go on in an individual’s mind in that they tend to see things that other people are not seeing (Lilienfeld et al. 2010). The signs also include hearing of sounds other people cannot hear, and some strange beliefs that something is going to happen to the victims. The mind of the individual makes them have abnormal a feeling about their surrounding environment. They also have hallucinations, which will make them have a reaction of the presence of things that are actually not there. In this case, people will hear voices that are just in their minds, smel l things that are not there, and/or have different tastes from what is expected (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1189).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The individuals will also exhibit strange behavior when viewed by normal people. The behavior that can be described as uncanny. In some cases, the individuals will have a very unsystematic dialogue in that a mature individual will not be able to make a sensible statement due to his or her mixing of different words. The speech of a mature person in this case can be described as that of a small child who is learning to talk. Some forms of schizophrenia come with disjointed and severely diminished cognitive abilities in that victims lose most of their mental faculties (Lilienfeld et al. 2010). In fact, they cannot therefore do any constructive thing. In some cases, the individual will not be in a position to do anything without being instruc ted on what do and how to do it. In case the victims have taken the initiative to do something, they will omit some steps, which make whatever they are doing appear odd (McGlashan, 1988, p. 516). Signs vary from one individual to the other as well as severity of the condition. Some persons can be described as being in a permanent state of the condition while others will oscillate between being fully normal and suffering from bouts of the disease. Schizophrenia strikes its victims in their late adolescence or in their early stages of adulthood although it is also known to strike anytime of an individual’s lifetime. The real cause of schizophrenia has never been pinpointed to date. However, experts are working on a theory that points it to be a result between biological predispositions, which are genetic in nature and the environment in which one grows up (Daly, 2013, p. 716). This claim is the line of research that researchers are slowly developing with the belief that it will give answers to the question of its origin. Another cause for schizophrenia can be drug abuse. Effects of drug abuse can lead to the impairment of the cognitive functions of the brain in that the victim will start behaving abnormally due to hallucinations and delusions. Pregnancy has also been listed as another cause of schizophrenia, with different elements during a woman’s pregnancy acting as a trigger for the same. Schizophrenia comes in different levels such that some types of schizophrenia can be described as acute while others can be described as mild (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1189). People with schizophrenia can have lucid moments in that sometimes they are fully normal with their mental functions being performed in order. However, in some other times, they are very schizophrenic.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What is Schizophrenia? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies on the Disorder Sci entists have conducted different major studies across the world as they try to find the main causes of schizophrenia as well as solutions to the problem. The biggest challenge that many studies have faced has been the inability to pin point exactly what causes the problem because finding the cause would lead to better solutions to the problem. The manifestation of the disease is what makes it a big challenge to researchers who are trying to find its exact cause. One of the challenges is that schizophrenia has so many different symptoms. In this case, only when they are put together that the person can be rightly diagnosed as suffering from the disease (Meltzer, 2002, p. 280). Therefore, research in the field of schizophrenia is wide due to the width with which the schizophrenia problem comes. Each research has been narrowed down to a specific problem that the researchers think is the cause or they think might lead them to a solution. Broad Institute of Harvard, the MIT, and the Mass achusetts General Hospital have conducted one of the major studies on schizophrenia under the leadership of Mark Daly. The aim of the study was to find the genetic difference between people suffering from schizophrenia, bipolar disease, and other unaffected people. The study involved over 10000 people suffering from schizophrenia, 7000 people suffering from bipolar, and a large number of unaffected people. The study was meant to narrow down genetic differences between the three groups as a way of pin pointing the genetic traits associated with schizophrenia. The study discovered 10 genetic risk factors that are highly associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Besides, it also discovered three specific genes that are suspected to be the cause of the two diseases (Daly, 2013, p.730). The study was meant to find a common link between schizophrenia and genes, which are usually transferable from one offspring to the other. Another study on schizophrenia, which is one of the man y studies on the same disease, was to find out the relationship between the disease, genetic traits, and the environment. The study found that the heritability liability of schizophrenia was 81%, which means that schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease arising due to genetic traits that can be inherited. 11% of the problem in victims was attributed to common and shared environment. The study came out with a conclusion that schizophrenia is highly influenced by genes and the environment although it does not show the cause of the disease. The study simply reinforces previous theories that point the origins of schizophrenia to both genes and the environment (Daly, 2013, p. 735). Another study by McGlashan (1988) found that schizophrenia, as a mental disease can be chronic to the extent that its effects become worse in relation to those of other known major mental illnesses.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In these findings, schizophrenia can lead to increased risks of suicide in its victims, instances of physical health, and cases of mortality. According to McGlashan (1988), the disease comes out in the open after a period of between 5-10 years after its manifestation meaning that it can remain unnoticed in an individual for some time, as it develops before it comes out evidently (p. 520). The study finds that long-term studies on the disease so far have not come up with any conclusion on the history of treatment of the disease, meaning that the treatment of the disease has not been concluded as effective. Studies on the disorder can be described as continuous because no authoritatively conclusive study has been made so far. Different theories on the disease continue to be studied while new theories also come up at the same time to try to find a solution. Therefore, any information so far being used in the field cannot be described as conclusive, but as part of a continuous study. Tr eatment Options One factor that underlies schizophrenia treatment is that it is a disease whose cause is not yet known and that it comes in different manifestations. This case therefore complicates the treatment regime that any physician has to offer because it is a trial and error at the end of the day. Every single schizophrenic case has to be approached individually because different victims have different symptoms besides having different combinations of symptoms (Meltzer, 2002, p. 280). This complication therefore restricts the physician to observe case by case in an effort to administer drugs according to their opinion on the individual case. The treatment methods commonly in the application are based on a clinical research that has been conducted on the disease as well as on the experience of the physician on the treatment of the disease. Usually, the approach that the physician will employ will depend on the ability of the strategy to reduce the effects and symptoms of the d isease as well as an approach that is believed will reduce the chances of the disease coming back. Treatment for the condition happens in two ways: medical treatment or psychosocial treatment (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1188). Medical treatment of the disease usually involves the use of antipsychotic medicine, which has been available since 1950s. These drugs are not known to cure the problem. Rather, they are known to reduce psychotic symptoms to allow the individual to behave like a normal person. So far, this treatment has been identified as the most effective. An experienced physician who specializes in mental cases can administer it. The choices of drugs and dosage are the prerogative of the physician because treatment is done on a case-by-case basis. Many schizophrenic cases as explained above differ in symptoms and intensity. Although psychotic medication has been known to work well for schizophrenic cases, it sometimes does not work in others in that patients may fail completely to respond to the drug thus making it useless to administer the said drug on them (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1189). Some patients will mildly respond to the drugs being administered. This case would require higher doses of the drug for them to be effective. Although it is effective in treating and managing schizophrenia, almost all anti psychotic drugs have negative side effects that might not be pleasant at all to the patient. Some of the commonly used drugs include Clozapine, which is registered as Clozaril. It has been touted as the best antipsychotic drug ever to be used. However, its use comes with severe side effects to the user of the drug with the development of agronulocytocis, which is a condition that diminishes white blood cells thus reducing the individual’s immunity. Risperidone is another drug that can be used to treat psychosis, which in this case is schizophrenia. The drug has fewer side effects compared to Clozapine. However, it is not as effective as Clozapine. Olaza pine is another antipsychotic drug that works like Risperidone but not as effective as Clozapine (Meltzer, 2002, p. 280). Many other drugs are still being developed. Thus, they are not yet in the market. On the other hand, other drugs that can be used in treating schizophrenia have been found to treat specific symptoms. Hence, they cannot be counted upon to treat other symptoms. This makes them less effective. Psychotherapy can also be used as treatment for schizophrenia in some cases through rehabilitation of the individual, family education, individual psychotherapy, and self-help groups. The use of psychotherapy can only be applicable in cases where the individuals respond to the treatment. The physician can only determine this treatment. Psychosocial therapy is mostly applied when the individual seems to have developed schizophrenia due to environmental influences. The Success of Treatment Options The success of treatment options for schizophrenia can only be stated in relative terms due to the manner in which the disease manifests itself and the stage the treatment for the disease has reached. So far, there is no cure for schizophrenia. The only available solution has been to tame the situation as the patient continues to use drugs. Many patients who have been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia have had to live with the condition for the rest of their lives because it is not curable (Sullivan, 2003, p. 1191). The only solution that most of them have had with this condition is that some cases have been able to have the condition suppressed for a longtime without them relapsing. This far is the closest to cure to which patients with schizophrenia can come close. The biggest challenge that remains is that the disease comes in many different forms with either individual symptoms or a combination of symptoms. This case is a challenge because the psychiatrist has to deal with individual symptoms as they try to sort them because each symptom has its own d rug. A mixture of some of the drugs used can be dangerous to the patient. Therefore, in most cases, the patient is treated for one condition at a time. The use of more effective drugs such as Clozapine has other devastating effects on the patient. The drug is overly effective in its application. However, its side effects are dangerous as well. For instance, patients under Clozapine need to have their blood tested very often to check the white blood cells count because the drug tends to diminish the white cells (Meltzer, 2002, p. 280). Inadequate white cells mean that the body’s immune system will be lowered because they are responsible for the immune system of the body. Success in treatment options can be described as successful in individual cases where the patient has responded positively to the treatment. This varies with individual cases because there are those patients who will respond positively to the therapy while there are those who will not respond at all. Treatment of schizophrenia starts with a trial-and-error mode as the physician tries out different treatment plans for the individual. It takes some time before the physician figures out the exact plan for an individual patient. At the end of the day, the plan might work or fail (Daly, 2013, p. 750). Treatment options offered so far can be deemed successful as far as offering the best they can because that is the best that the industry can offer. They have been known to control the disease in an individual successfully. The only point that should be noted is that the disease never goes away and that the patient has to be on the lookout in case they relapse. This will force them to go back to treatment. On the other hand, some patients might have to be fully dependent on the drugs for them to behave normally because they might not look properly wired without the drugs. Whereas treatment has worked in some cases, it has failed completely to work for some patients in some other cases (Meltzer, 2002, p. 280). In these instances, patients have had to be confined in facilities that will allow them to be taken care of, or they have to be heavily sedated as a way of keeping them calm. These two methods can be punitive to the patient. However, at the same time, they can be the only available solutions to them. Conclusion Schizophrenia as a mental disorder continues to pose challenges to the medical world on the best solutions that can be found to take care of it. The challenge of finding its main cause remains large because there is still no solution ahead with the present-day technology. The complexity of the problem has made it worse by complicating its description in that it cannot be described by one or two words. So far, the only hope of finding the main cause of the problem lies with finding the exact genetic connection as well as the environmental connection to the problem. Reference List Daly, M. (2013). Genetics connection In Schizophrenia. Nature Genetics, 45(7), 715- 841. Lilienfeld, S. et al. (2010). Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking. London: Pearson Publishers. McGlashan, T. (1988). A Selective Review of North American Follow Up Studies of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bullettin, 14(4), 515-542. Meltzer, H. (2002). Suicidality in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence for Risk Factors Treatment Options. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4(4), 279-283. Sullivan, P. (2003). Schizophrenia as a Complex Trait Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Twin. Jama Psychiatry, 60(12), 1187-1192. This research paper on What is Schizophrenia? was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alarm Fatigue in Nursing Essay Sample

Alarm Fatigue in Nursing Essay Sample Alarm Fatigue in Nursing Essay Example Alarm Fatigue in Nursing Essay Example It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the fact that a sphere of healthcare and nursing requires a significant attentiveness regarding patients and related operations. Still, human errors cannot be fully avoided. Hence, such phenomenon as alarm fatigue may occur in many fields of human activity, especially in the sphere of healthcare. Needless to say, reaction on various alarming signals is an average activity for healthcare workers, but there is the most threatening implication. In fact, constant and frequent reaction on alarms makes a human-being less sensitive to them. Thus, such problem requires an adequate addressing. Alarm fatigue is caused by a wide range of factors so that there is no distinct methodology concerning the issue. That is why a middle range theory is suggested for methodological basis for dealing with alarm fatigue as long as it integrates theoretical knowledge and empirical evidence. Taking such point into account, the following paper focuses on the dis cussion of middle range theory appliance to a case of alarm fatigue in nursing. The Dangers of Alarm Fatigue To speak about the problem, it should be admitted that it is a so-called phenomenon named alarm fatigue. The phenomenon can be described as a loss of sensitivity to alarms, threats and any other warning signals due to a frequent and regular perception of them. Contextualizing the problem in terms of nursing, it is to be said that the problem is mainly connected to the healthcare personnel. Nurses and other staff become adjusted to their workplace environment to the extent that they start paying less attention to changes in patients’ state, their complaints, data demonstrated by measurements and medical equipment, special requirements to the patients’ condition, etc. It can be explained by the fact that healthcare staff members face such aspects on a day-to-day basis. Psychologically, such irritators become less influential, since the personnel members have acquired them as usual events in their daily routines. As a result, a loss of sensitivity may lead to worsening of the patients’ state. Moreover, it will be difficult to restore the same sensitivity again because it will be a conscious focus on a certain aspect. Consequently, the problem has to be addressed and it is suggested to apply a middle range theory to it. It is necessary to be explicit about what is meant by the term of middle range theory. Current theory is based on the integration of theoretical knowledge and empirical evidence so that a related activity addresses real cause of the problem. It is not tied to any certain framework but creates orienting statements, which are utilized as the basis for the further empirical activity. Applying middle range theory to the case means its implementation in a form of theory of meaning. Such nursing theory suggests that a patient has to understand meaning of his or her treatment in order to feel motivated and positive regarding recovery (Liehr Smith, 2014). The case of alarm fatigue, however, presupposes appliance of the theory directly to a nurse or any other representative of healthcare personnel. Such individual has to be careful about patients’ state, their complaints and all data related to the patients in order to react immediately in case any emergency occurs. The conviction rel ates to the professional duties of the individual. In case he or she fails, a threat to lose the job can emerge. Employment is commonly associated with personal well-being so that the individual will be as careful as possible. One may argue that it is cynical to address alarm fatigue from that point of view, but consideration of personal well-being is one of the primary human instincts, to which the theory of meaning can be applied. The choice of middle range theory can be explained by the fact that it addresses not only a distinct sphere of human activity by considers the related fields and disciplines. The theory has its origin in sociology. Robert K. Merton was attempting to integrate social theories of conflict and functionalism. As a result, middle range theory places a subject at medium range towards every single aspect of human activity and knowledge. In other words, a problem is focused on consideration of the entire variety of perspectives. Therefore, such approach allows healthcare personnel to base any professional theories with consideration of non-healthcare factors. In such way, the theory addresses practice and is applicable to the entire discipline of healthcare and nursing, since every single case can be regarded as unique. What is more, alarm fatigue is a common problem among healthcare staff members so that appliance of middle range theory can contribute much to the nursing practice, especiall y in regard to the fact that nursing and social theories are mutually connected. With regard to the previous evidence of appliance the theory to nursing, it was generally applied in terms of meaning theory. However, it was directed towards patients in cases of loss intention, motivation and carefulness concerning the treatment. As a consequence, absence of communication with nurses and other staff members could be observed in such sort of cases. It led to the complications concerning treatment and worsening of the patients’ state. Thus, middle range theory suggested strategies of conviction a particular patient to cooperate with healthcare staff. The theory considered personalities of the patients as long as the majority of deviations from treatment course are caused by traits of character or psychological condition of a patient. Middle range theory helped create basis for motivation and cooperation of a patient. Further, his or her participation in personal treatment was highly appreciated by healthcare staff. It is a crucial point, since a patient should feel his or her contribution regarding the treatment. As long as middle range theory is applied to the exact representative of healthcare personnel, it should be admitted that such individual motivated himself by the previously outlined sequence of statements regarding professional obligation and consideration of personal well-being via obtaining a job position at a healthcare organization. As a result, the individual paid attention to all evidences, which can be related to his patients. In such way, a possibility of developing alarm fatigue was definitely low. It can be explained by the fact that the individual kept all evidences and data recorded. Moreover, statistical data was compared to previous recordings. In consequence, potential development of tendencies was also forecasted (Liehr Smith, 2014). Conversely, the addressing of alarm fatigue does not mean excessive anxiety concerning missing signals of threat. It is important not to demonstrate any anxiety in presence of a patient in order to avoid psychological traumas. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. Consequently, current paper has touched upon the discussion of appliance middle range theory to the problem of alarm fatigue. Alarm fatigue is a phenomenon, which is based on the loss of sensitivity to alarms, signals and any other important events due to their frequent and regular perception. Alarm fatigue occurs in healthcare quite often so that it requires an appropriate addressing. In consequence, middle range theory has been suggested in terms of nursing theory of meaning. Such complex has been suggested for motivation of healthcare staff representative in order to be careful regarding the patients’ state, complaints and any other related data. The motivation has been formulated on the basis of professional duty obligations and considerations of personal well-being.

German paper 3+4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German paper 3+4 - Essay Example He was consistent with conventional history when he said that after the US joined the war, Germany was defeated. But what conventional history did not say, which he said was that the Germans blamed Zionist Jews for the entry of the US, thus their defeat (Freedman, par.24). This he said was the root of German discrimination against Jews which was indeed justified. If what he said was true, was conventional history then wrong in saying that the Germans at that time were envious of the economic success of Jews? Was it wrong in saying that the Germans were blaming their difficulties on the Jews because the Jews were in control of media and a lot of the industries then? As an aside, Freedman also said that â€Å"Jews happened to be maybe 98 percent of the Communists in Europe at that time† (Freedman, par. 26).† Unbelievable! To fight back, the Jews declared war on Germany (Daily Express, p.1). It called on Jews all over the world to boycott all products made in Germany. Germa ny depended a lot on its exports. By declaring economic and financial war, its aim was to hurt Germany economically, starve its people, and compel Germany â€Å"to end its campaign of violence† against Jews (Daily Express, par. 7).

Auditing and assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Auditing and assurance - Essay Example Therefore, this report will discuss the background of the financial crisis and the proposals tabled by the commission. 1. Background of the financial crisis The financial crisis started in the year 2007 and spread with intense in 2008 despite of the central banks and regulators effort to calm it down (Merkel, 2012). In early 2009, the global economy was experiencing recession and the only way out was to focus was on preventing the downtown from prolonging to a great depression. The root causes of the financial crisis had to be looked into so as to take a cause of action (Se Hoon et.al 2008). Everyone one was responsible for the financial crisis from the government, auditors, credit agencies, banks and the public. But most of the causes originate from banks and financial institutions since they are responsible for regulating monetary policies and financial stability. Banks and other financial intermediaries play a critical role in the financial system thus it is vital to understand th eir role (Allison 2012). For instance, they respond to contagion meaning that one shock can affect a wide area. Therefore, if a shock is experienced by the banks, then the whole financial sector will experience the same impact. According to Allen (2001), a study conducted shows that when banks are have different network structures, they likely respond to contagion. Diamond (1996) points out those banks insure against liquidity shocks by having their interbank deposits exchanged. As a result, swapping of deposits exposes the banking system into contagion. This means that if the banks are secure from liquidity, then the financial sector is also safe. Therefore, we can say that banks responded to contagion during the financial crisis and as a result the global economy was affected (Se Hoon et.al 2008). Banks eliminate information problems between investors and borrowers by monitoring and ensure that depositors’ funds are in proper use. Secondly, they spur up economic growth. The y also provide intertemporal smoothing of non-diversifiable risk at a given time as well as insuring depositors against consumption shocks. Moreover, the origin of the crisis is believed to be in U.K and in U.S. In the financial system, lenders of money include households and firms while borrowers include firms, governments and households. Lenders supply funds to borrowers in two ways. To begin with, lenders supply money through the financial markets. Secondly, through which lenders supply money is through financial intermediaries such as the banks, mutual funds, market funds, pension funds and insurance companies. The bank relaxed the lending policies by reducing the interest rates and as a result many borrowers were attracted. In U.S mortgage lending rates were relaxed and also in U.K by the Bank of England. The housing prices rose and then began to fall to unsustainable levels as a result of the abundant credit and as a result the housing bubble came into the scheme (Calvo 2009). The decline in the value of houses made borrowers to default their mortgage loan payment. The U.S public debt which forms 100% of its GDP was also another contributor of the financial crisis. Other countries such as Japan and china run surpluses. Investigations show that many banks had an

Lean Manufacturing | Literature Review

Lean Manufacturing | Literature Review Since the 1980s, numerous businesses in various sectors of industry have continually been introducing programs intended to improve both productivity and quality. Several authors have posited lean manufacturing or lean production as the best possible production system and one that can be implemented in any industry and any process (Bonavia and Marin, 2006 and Lee-Mortimer, 2006). Doolen and Hacker (2005) mentioned that different researchers have explored the portability of lean practices both within and between different manufacturing sectors. In accordance, a variety of surveys conducted in different types of industry (Soriano-Meier and Forrester, 2002, Bonavia and Marin, 2006, Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Taj, 2008) proved that lean is widely successful in a variety of industrial sectors. However, there are two problematic issues regarding lean manufacturing have been addressed in several studies. First, Shah and Ward (2007) claimed that any discussion of lean production points to an absence of common definition of the concept. Likewise, Pettersen (2009) alleged that there is no agreed upon definition of lean that could be found in the literature. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) declared that there is no consensus in different researchers perceptions to the concept of lean which leads to conflicting results in identifying and classifying its practices and techniques. Second, there is conflict in using terms such as elements, principles, constructs, techniques and practices. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) mentioned that some of the elements of lean are actually referring to the goals and objectives rather than techniques or tools (e.g. elimination of waste, lead time reduction) and, in addition, a number of other best manufacturing practices (such as agile manufacturing) were used in literature as lean practices. Moreover, Shah and Ward (2007) underscored that identical items are used to operationalize vastly different concepts and different items are used to operationalize the same construct. Thus, Shah and Ward (2007) argued that a great source of confusion and inconsistency associated with lean is the more substantive disagreement about what comprises lean production and how it can be measured operationally. Statement of the problem The above mentioned issues revealed three confusions surrounding the lean concept in literature, which are (1) the lack of a consistent definition of lean, (2) the disagreement about the elements that comprise lean manufacturing and (3) the lack of a measurement tool for assessing changes towards lean implementation. With the aim to clarify and resolve these confusions, this chapter has three main objectives; (1) to propose a conceptual definition of the term lean manufacturing that captures all its main facets, (2) to provide a framework that identifies its major elements and practices, and (3) to develop an operationalized model to assess changes towards lean manufacturing implementation. To achieve these objectives, an in-depth literature review is conducted regarding the topic of lean manufacturing. At first, the concept of Lean and its main principles are introduced. Next, the elements of lean manufacturing and the practices for lean implementation will be investigated. Finally, different indicators that measure the progress achieved towards lean are explored. The concept of Lean Lean was associated with the practice of deciphering the value added activities from those that are waste in an organization and its supply chain (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005). Motwani (2003) declared that companies need to focus on each product and its value stream in order to distinguish between wasted activities and that actually create value. Moreover, Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) stated that leanness was introduced as an approach to manufacturing that was aiming at the elimination of waste while stressing the need for continuous improvement. However, lean manufacturing is much more than a technique, it is, in addition, a way of thinking (Taj, 2008). The issue of lean thinking was widely discussed in different researches. Comm and Mathaisel (2005) believed that lean thinking removes the traditional way people think about roles and responsibilities through remaining focused on the customer and the core competencies that the customer values from an organization. Therefore, Bhasin and Burcher (2006) claimed that for a successful implementation, numerous cultural changes are required for embracing empowerment and disseminating the lean principles through-out the value chain. Similarly, Taj (2008) confirmed that lean as a way of thinking creates a culture in which everyone in the organization continuously improve operations. In accordance, Comm and Mathaisel (2000) introduced leanness as a philosophy that intended to significantly reduce cost and cycle time throughout the entire value chain while continuing to improve product performance. Hence, lean should be described from two points of view; the philosophical perspective and the practical perspective (Shah and Ward, 2007). From the philosophical perspective, lean is viewed as an overall organizational philosophy that should affect the people way of thinking and behaving (Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005 and Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). This philosophy drives the guiding principles and the overarching goals of lean (Shah and Ward, 2007). On the other hand, the practical perspective see lean as a set of management practices, tools and techniques (Shah and Ward, 2007) that are used to apply the philosophy and to achieve the goals (Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). This two-perspective view of lean is supported by the definition of lean as a socio-technical system. Such system combines both technical system; i.e. technology and social system; i.e. people and organizational structure (Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). In the same context, Shah and Ward (2007) asserted that to pursue lean production, firms have to effectively manage their social and technical systems simultaneously. Moreover, Cua et al. (2001) proved that joint optimization of both socially- and technically-oriented policies or practices is necessary for achieving good results. Regarding its implementation, Panizzolo (1998) demonstrated that the wide range of lean practices are related to interventions in the manufacturing area, actions taken in other areas of the firm (design, HR, strategy, etc.) and relationships with both suppliers and customers. Likewise, Shah and Ward (2003) stated that lean should be seen as a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses a wide variety of management practices. This conceptualization of lean as multidimensional strategy is supported by a wide range of researchers (Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Shah and Ward, 2007 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). However, it is well accepted among researchers that lean should be implemented as an integrated system (Shah and Ward, 2007, Bhasin and Burcher, 2006, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). Shah and Ward (2007) suggested that a well-developed lean strategy implementation will require firms to exert considerable effort along several dimensions simultaneously. Bonavia and Marin (2006) concluded that there are only few relationships between the degree of use of lean production practices individually and operational performance (in terms of productivity, quality, lead time and inventory). In the same vein, Shah and Ward (2003) provide unambiguous evidence that the synergistic effects of all lean practices are associated with better manufacturing performance. Another feature of lean manufacturing that was emphasized in literature is its time-frame of implementation. Bhasin and Burcher (2006) and Doolen and Hacker (2005) believed that lean is a long-term multidimensional organizational strategy. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) affirmed that transformation to lean requires a lot of effort, time and participation of all organization levels in addition to make changes in company culture and organizational structure. Thus, lean enterprises should continuously find ways to eliminate consumption of resources in their struggle to deliver value to their customers. In correspondence, the implementation of the lean program in the case study discussed in (Lee-Mortimer, 2006) proved that lean is not just a project, it is a long-term continuous journey which is implemented as a sequence of stages or projects. In conclusion, lean manufacturing embraces different features that should be taken into consideration when defining this concept. Lean should be viewed as a philosophy, affecting company culture, rather than a set of tools/techniques. This, in turn, reveals the importance of managing social system as well as technical system simultaneously. Moreover, lean implementation scope is not confined to the manufacturing function of a company, rather it relates to all functions ranging from product development, procurement and manufacturing over to distribution. Since lean companies seek to deliver value to their customers, this value should be predefined and delivered, while waste, which customers are not willing to pay for, should continuously be eliminated. All the aforementioned features of lean manufacturing can be captured in the following proposed conceptual definition. Lean manufacturing is a philosophy and a long-term strategy that is applied through a socio-technical system integrating all functions within the organization with the aim of continuous waste elimination while delivering outcomes that meet continuously predefined customer value. Lean principles Lean philosophy is mainly based on the principle of eliminating waste. Waste is anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, and working time that are essential to add value (Taj, 2008, Bonavia and Marin, 2006 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) cited that the main goal of lean is to eliminate all activities that do not add value to the product. Value should be specified as it is perceived by customers (Andersson et al., 2006 and Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). If the task does not add value from the customers point of view, it should be modified or eliminated from the process (Andersson et al., 2006). It is believed that by minimizing waste and zero-value added activities, companies can reduce production costs and the overall production system will be more efficient (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Since inventory is considered one of the critical sources of waste (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996), Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park (2006) declared that the traditional way of producing in batches is inefficient as it requires goods to wait in inventories before the next production step is started up. Thus, Motwani (2003) mentioned that the value must flow to the customer without interruptions. Andersson et al. (2006) confirmed that focus should be on organizing a continuous flow through the production or supply chain rather than moving commodities in large batches. Closely related to the continuous flow is the principle of just-in-time (JIT), since the ultimate goal that every process should be provided with only one part at a time, exactly when that part is needed (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Moreover, if continuous flow is not possible (Lummus et al., 2006), the way of scheduling the flow of material should be pull instead of push (Motwani, 2003 and Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). This means that customer demand should pull finished products through the system with the aim of not carrying out any work unless the result of it is required downstream (Andersson et al., 2006). It is obvious that to succeed in the implementation of any modern system, everyone from top management to any lower level should make sincere efforts, and set their goals jointly through active participation and understanding (Ahmed et al., 2004). According to (McKone et al., 1999), employees can contribute significantly to the organization when they are allowed to participate in decisions that impact their area of responsibility. As a result, involvement from all employees allows companies to better use of its available resources (McKone et al., 1999). This principle reflects the conceptualization of lean manufacturing as a socio-technical system, since it highlights the importance of managing social system as well as technical system. Since lean is viewed as a long-term strategy, lean philosophy emphasizes continuous improvement. Several researchers (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Comm and Mathaisel, 2005 and Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001) affirmed that one of the most fundamental principles of lean is the search for continuous improvement in products and processes. Lummus et al. (2006) mentioned that processes should be managed towards perfection to continuously reduce the time needed to serve the customer. Likewise, Andersson et al. (2006) underscored that the elimination of non-value-adding elements (waste) is a process of continuous improvement. In this context, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) highlighted the importance of employees involvement and top management support to create and train improvement teams that lead the organization to move toward zero defects. Based on the analysis of lean previous studies, it is concluded that there are five key principles / overarching goals which can be considered the bases for the lean philosophy. These principles are; (1) waste elimination, (2) customer value identification, (3) continuous production flow, (4) employees involvement and (5) continuous improvement. Furthermore, the aforesaid lean principles confirm some issues in the proposed conceptual definition. The unambiguous believe that elimination of waste is the fundamental goal is affirmed since lean is regularly defined as manufacturing without waste. Likewise, identifying value as perceived by customer is asserted in the proposed definition. Moreover, seeking continuous improvement as a principle of lean philosophy reflects the long-term nature of lean implementation. Thus, the proposed definition stresses the aim of continuous waste elimination and highlighted the need to continuously predefine customer value. Also, the importance of employ ees involvement emphasizes the social phase of the lean system as a socio-technical system. Finally, holding in mind these principles / goals underscores the view of lean as a philosophy that affects the people way of thinking. Lean implementation framework Previous studies concerning lean manufacturing revealed a number of manufacturing practices that are commonly associated with lean implementation. The initial step towards developing a framework for lean implementation is to capture different practices and combine them into inter-related groups in accordance to the multi-dimensional nature of lean manufacturing. The term practices in this context refers to the predominant methodologies that may include many techniques and tools. Shah and Ward (2003) identified and empirically validated combining lean practices into four specific lean bundles: namely Total Quality Management (TQM), Just In Time (JIT), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and Human Resources Management (HRM). Bonavia and Marin (2006) found enough agreement in literature to identify the first three bundles; TQM, JIT and TPM, while Cua et al. (2001) are of the opinion that human and strategic-oriented practices are common practices that support all other three bundles. Although there is general agreement within operations management literature that JIT, TPM, TQM and HRM are conceptually, theoretically, and empirically well established (Shah and Ward, 2003), there is no unanimous classification of the lean manufacturing practices that make up each of the four bundles (Bonavia and Marin, 2006). Therefore, in an attempt to provide a framework for lean implementation comprises the actual practices that represent each of the four mentioned bundles, the basic theme of these bundles are identified. Then, different lean practices are combined into each of these bundles based on reviewing different research papers regarding lean implementation practices, in addition to articles that were focused mainly on one of these bundles. TQM bundle Lack of quality is a major source of waste, since the defective parts and products that need to be reworked or scrapped do not add any value to the customer and should be eliminated in order to attain high productivity (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) underscored that quality should be a top management issue and continuous improvement efforts together with the zero error objective should be company-wide and extended over company limits in production chains. Cua et al. (2001) defined total quality management (TQM) as a manufacturing program aimed at continuously improving and sustaining quality products and processes by capitalizing on the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations. Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) emphasized that TQM approach is the philosophy that should underpin the quality project in a lean company. The practices combined to form the TQM bundle include; product quality control, visual management (Cua et al., 2001, McKone et al., 1999 and Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), process management (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), product design and development (Cua et al., 2001 and Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), standardization (Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), suppliers quality management and customers involvement (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). JIT bundle Just-in-time philosophy means to deliver the right part in the necessary quantity and at the right time (Canel et al., 2000, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Ahmed et al. (2004) defined JIT as a philosophy and system concept of doing, maintaining and producing what is value adding or what is just needed, be it raw materials, components, parts, WIP, employees, or finished products. Cua et al. (2001) asserted that the primary goal of JIT, as a manufacturing program, is continuously reducing and ultimately eliminating all forms of waste through JIT production and involvement of the work force. JIT basic techniques include set-up time and lot size reduction, pull production systems (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), equipment layout and cellular manufacturing (Shah and Ward, 2003 and Cua et al., 2001), production leveling and scheduling and JIT delivery by suppliers (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). TPM bundle It has been accepted beyond any doubt that maintenance, as a support function in businesses, plays an important role in backing up many emerging business and operation strategies like lean manufacturing (Ahuja and Khamba, 2008b). Without having a productive maintenance system, lean production, just-in-time (JIT) or total quality management (TQM) environment cannot be attained (Ahmed et al., 2004). TPM is a proven and successful procedure for introducing maintenance considerations into organizational activities (Eti et al., 2004). Ahuja and Khamba (2008b) stated that TPM is a methodology originating from Japan to support its lean manufacturing system, since dependable and effective equipment are essential pre-requisite for implementing lean manufacturing initiatives in the organizations. Cua et al. (2001) and Shah and Ward (2003) defined TPM as a manufacturing program designed primarily to maximize equipment effectiveness throughout its entire life through the participation and motivation of the entire work force for performing planned predictive and preventive maintenance of the equipment and using maintenance optimization techniques. TPM, according to McKone et al. (1999), provides a comprehensive company-wide approach to maintenance management which is usually divided into short-term and long-term elements. In the short-term, TPM basic practices include; industrial housekeeping, autonomous maintenance (Cua et al., 2001, Eti et al., 2004 and McKone et al., 1999), and planned preventive and predictive maintenance (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001, Eti et al., 2004 and McKone et al., 1999). In the long-term, TPM efforts focus on new equipment and technology acquisition (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). HRM bundle Human resources have a critical role in carrying out the continuous improvement plans which are the basis for success in lean implementation (Panizzolo, 1998). Eti et al. (2004) claimed that the degree of employees eagerness to embrace change determines the rate of progress towards that goal. Moreover, McKone et al. (1999) declared that employees are the greatest sources of information for companies to improve their performance. Shah and Ward (2003) affirmed that the HRM bundle has significant theoretical and empirical support. The most commonly cited HRM practices are employees involvement (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), multi-skilled workforce, multi-functional work teams (Shah and Ward, 2003), education and training (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), performance-based compensation system (McKone et al., 1999) and information and feedback (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). Lean operationalized model Traditionally, managers have relied heavily on accounting metrics to determine efficiency, such metrics reflect the final state achieved as the result of a long chain of decisions (Taj, 2008), while lean should be seen as a direction rather than a state to be reached after a certain time (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Therefore, managing a lean factory requires key information to assess the changes taking place in the effort to introduce lean (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Consequently, in order to develop an operationalized model for lean manufacturing, the aforementioned bundles and practices will be discussed with focus on identifying the indicators that can be used in assessing changes towards lean implementation. It is important here to note that the focus lies on the changes in these indicators, not on their actual values. So, the desired direction of each indicator, if moving in a lean direction, will be also specified. Measurement of TQM basic practices Since the ultimate goal of TQM practices is to achieve zero defects, Motwani (2001) mentioned that the percentage of defects (TQM1) and the percentage of products needing rework (TQM2) are among the common quality outcome indicators employed by several researchers. Product quality can be controlled through the involvement of production line workers for identification and adjustment of defective parts and their authority to stop lines when defective parts are found in order to avoid any defective parts moving to the next production stage (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Thus, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) used the percentage of defective parts adjusted by production line workers (TQM3) as an indicator of transferring the responsibility for products quality from the quality control department to the line workers. In addition, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) alleged that the number of quality control personnel (TQM4) and the size of repair area (TQM5) can be reduced as a consequence. Furthermore, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) declared the use of autonomous defect control (poka yoke) as inexpensive means to help conducting inspection of all units with the ultimate goal of zero defects. Therefore, the percentage of inspection carried out by autonomous defect control (TQM6) is a common measure (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Visible graphs and panels are used to gather performance data, to plot different measurements and to identify specific problems and causes of delay in order to take efforts for resolution (Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Bonavia and Marin, 2006). For this, Bonavia and Marin (2006) measured the percentage of work areas where visible graphs panels are used (TQM7) as an indicator for visual management. In addition to controlling products quality, process management is essential to obtain fault free parts and products from the very beginning (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Cua et al. (2001) emphasized the use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques in monitoring processes to ensure that each process will supply defect free units to subsequent process. Shah and Ward (2007) and Bonavia and Marin (2006) measured the percentage of equipment / processes under SPC (TQM8) as an indicator to represent the expansion of using SPC. Panizzolo (1998) emphasized the attention that has been devoted to the relationships between product development and manufacturing activities. Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) claimed that design for manufacturing through integrating product and process engineering is one of the core features of quality management within the lean production framework. Thus, the percentage of parts designed by cross-functional teams (TQM9) can be used as a measure for this practice. In addition, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) mentioned the use of common parts (TQM10) to manufacture different products as a technique used to reduce inventory and lead times as well. Moreover, participation of suppliers in the design stage (TQM11) facilitates manufacturing of components they have designed. Standardization is an essential principle of lean manufacturing that involves establishing the sequence of tasks to be done by each worker and how those tasks are done (Olivella et al, 2008), measuring and comparing the cycle time against the required takt time (Motwani, 2003) and specifying procedures, tools and materials (Bonavia and Marin, 2006). The percentage of procedures which are written recorded (TQM12) is the measure used by Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) and Bonavia and Marin (2006) to quantify the extent to which the company standardize its operations. Several researches emphasized the significant role that suppliers can play when involved in quality improvement programs (Panizzolo, 1998, Shah and Ward, 2007, Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005 and Motwani, 2003). In order to enhance suppliers involvement, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) stressed the importance of information exchange with suppliers through conducting visits by engineers and technicians from both sides and interchanging documents. This will help to reduce inefficiencies and eliminate activities that are not value added (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). This practice is measured by two indicators; the frequency of visits between companys and suppliers technicians (TQM13) and the number of suggestions made to suppliers (TQM14) (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). With the focus on customers and their needs, Motwani (2001) declared that customer service programs should include quick responsiveness to complaints and maintaining a corporate goal to reduce the quantity of complaints (TQM15). Furthermore, Panizzolo (1998) affirmed that customer-driven enterprises dedicated much attention to organize customer participation in design, manufacturing and delivery activities. Thus, Bhasin and Burcher (2006) considered the percentage of projects in which the customer was involved (TQM16) as a signal of the systematically and continuously focus on the customer. In conclusion, table 3.1 summarizes the indicators developed to assess changes towards implementing the previously discussed TQM practices. Measurement of JIT basic practices Several authors (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Salaheldin, 2005) have proposed the value of WIP (JIT1) and the lead time to customer order (JIT2) as common indicators of JIT implementation. Moreover, Motwani (2003) and Bhasin (2008) affirmed that total product cycle time (total time that material spends in the production system) (JIT3) is the best measure for tracking lean progress. Reducing set-up times simultaneously with reducing lot sizes is a technique used to reduce inventories and also it contributes to the reduction of lead times (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001) and increasing flexibility (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). The progress in this practice can be directly measured by two indicators; set-up times (JIT4) and production and delivery lot sizes (JIT5). Firms use pull production systems to facilitate JIT production with the aim to produce the kind of units needed, at the time needed, and in the quantities needed (Shah and Ward, 2007). Bonavia and Marin (2006), Cua et al. (2001), McKone et al. (1999) and Shah and Ward (2007) highlighted the use of kanban squares, containers or signals as a means to pull material from an upstream station and manage product flow. Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) argued that as the work with implementing pull system proceeded, the number of manufacturing stages producing against customer orders should extend. Accordingly, they considered the percentage of stages in the material flow that uses pull (JIT6) as a determinant of the change towards this practice. Cua et al. (2001) and McKone et al. (1999) emphasized the importance of equipment layout to facilitate low inventories (JIT1) and fast throughput (i.e. shorten lead time (JIT3)). Grouping machines together in a cell-based layout (Cellular manufacturing) is one technique that is developed to facilitate line balancing with the ultimate goal of creating single piece flow (Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Motwani, 2003). Implementing cellular manufacturing technique helps to eliminate the frequency (JIT7) and physical distances (JIT8) of parts transportation (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996) and to reduce the investments (JIT9) in handling systems (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). Panizzolo (1998) considered production leveling as a practice, in addition to small lots and pull control that is adopted to synchronize production and market demand. Thus, this practice contributes in achieving reductions in the value of WIP (JIT1) and the lead times to customer order (JIT2). Moreover, the synchronization between production output and market demand helps company to minimize finished goods inventory (JIT10). Suppliers are required to deliver the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right quality (Shah and Ward, 2007) in order to facilitate JIT production. Many researches agreed on the importance of reducing the number of key suppliers (JIT11) for the main components and engaging with them in long term contracts (JIT12) (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001, McKone et al., 1999, Shah and Ward, 2007, Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Bhasin and Burcher, 2006 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). Furthermore, the case study of (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005) highlighted how maintaining good relationships with suppliers helped to keep minimum raw material inventories (JIT13). In general, McKone et al. (1999) highlighted the importance of on-time delivery (JIT14) to customers as an indicator of the JIT concept implementation. Likewise, Bhasin (2008) mentioned measuring on-time delivery as one of the customer / market indicators of lean implementation. In the same vein, Motwani (2001) recommended monitoring the amount of lateness in orders delivery as a tool in measuring the spread of delivery time. Furthermore, since the change towards JIT production and delivery is made gradually (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001), the proportion of products transferred just-in-time between production stages (JIT15) and that delivered just-in-time by suppliers (JIT16) should be measured. Table 3.2 summarizes the indicators developed to assess changes towards implementing the previously discussed JIT practices. Measurement of TPM basic practices It is agreed upon in literature that overall equipment effectiveness OEE ( Adaptive Immune Response: Case Study Adaptive Immune Response: Case Study Adaptive Response Abstract Adaptive immunity is an important part of the immune system. It is the third line of defense in the human body, which includes highly specialized systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth. Once external barriers have been compromised and inflammation (innate immunity) has been activated, the adaptive response is called into action (Huether McCance, 2012). It develops slower than the innate inflammatory response and is specific—unlike inflammation, which is non-specific—and has immunological memory that recognizes each pathogen by a signature antibody (Huether McCance, 2012). In addition, the activated B cells and T cells can develop to memory cells that respond rapidly and efficiently to a subsequent encounter with a pathogen. Adaptive immunity response primary obligation is destroying infectious agents that are resistant to inflammation and provides long-term protection against future exposure to the same agents (Huether McCance, 2012) . Adaptive Response The adaptive response consists of an antibody response and cell-medicated response, which are carried out by different lymphocytes cells, B cells and T cells respectively. B cells (B indicates bone marrow) are the major cells involved in the creation of antibodies that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, where they have capacity bind to almost any foreign antigen found in the environment (Huether McCance, 2012). Binding of antibody inactivates virus and microbial toxins by blocking their ability to bind to receptors on host cells. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulin, are large Y shaped proteins, which are typically composed of two large heavy pair chains and two small light chains (Huether McCance, 2012). There are five types of immunoglobulin: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by differences in structure and function, each has evolved to handle particular antigens (Huether McCance, 2012). The antibody responses are also called humoral immunity. Another ad aptive response is known as cell-medicated immunity responses that activate T cells to combat against a foreign antigen presented on the surface of a host cell. Also, T cells produce signal molecules that trigger macrophages, natural killers (NK), antigen specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and release of various cytokines in responses to an antigen (Huether McCance, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to explain pathophysiology of disorders presented in the scenarios, including associated alterations, and adaptive responses to the alteration as well as construct a mind map for the selected disorder. Furthermore, consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risks factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder and any adaptive responses to alteration. Scenario 1: The first scenario the patient’s mother mentioned that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. However, physical examination revealed clinical manifestations, which include fever; tympanic membranes slightly redden on the periphery, throat erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudate; anterior cervical nodes palpable and tender to touch. The child indicated throat hurts and painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal increased temperature, pulse and respiratory rate that suggested tonsillitis disorder. Pathophysiology Tonsillitis is an inflammatory condition of the tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory problems (Tonsillitis, 2014). When inflamed, tonsils become swollen and red with a grayish or yellowish coating on its surface. Tonsillitis usually begins with a sudden sore throat and painful swallowing. Tonsillitis causes tonsils and throat tissues to swell obstructing air from passing in and out of the respiratory system (Huether McCance, 2012). The tonsils infection is common in children under age six and teenagers but rare in adults. The adaptive response activates the different B cells and T cells lymphocytes to eliminate the alteration, so body can return back to hemostasis. Scenario 2: Pathophysiology Irritant contact dermatitis is a common nonimmunologically mediated inflammation arising from the release of proinflammatory cytokines from skin cells (principally keratinocytes), usually in responses to chemical stimuli such as cleansers, soap detergent, and various chemical agents (Hogan Elson, 2013). The main pathophysiological changes are skin barrier disruption, epidermal cellular changes and cytokine release. Irritant contact dermatitis is a major occupational disease; skin disorders comprise up to 40% of occupational illness (Hogan Elson, 2013). Patient work history is crucial in making diagnoses, and appearance of the skin. It may be treated with topical agents such as corticosteroid skin creams, emollients or moisturizers to prevent further irritation (Hogan Elson, 2013). Scenario 2: The patient presented with redness and irritation of his hands. The history revealed no allergies or significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denied any unknown exposure to irritants. Also, patient admits to working in maintenance and often working with abrasive solvent and chemical. Normally he wears gloves, but this particular time the patient did not wear gloves. He exposed his hands to some cleaning solutions. The patient’s detailed history and clinical manifestations led the student to a diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis. Pathophysiology Stress is any situation that results in a reaction of the human body called the stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). The stress response is a set of adaptations that are mobilized throughout the body to correct state of allostatic imbalance. This involves a fairly stereotyped set neural an endocrine changes. A critical one is the secretion of catecholamines-epinephrine and norepinephrine from the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system projecting throughout the body (Huether McCance, 2012). Catecholamine induces vasoconstriction and increases in heart rate and blood pressure. It also increases the amount of nutrient and oxygen that is available to the muscle’s reaction during a stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). Another is secretion by the adrenal glands of a class of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids (GCs) ((Huether McCance, 2012). While there is an array of additional changes in levels of various hormones during stress (generally an increase in ci rculating levels of glucagon, prolactin, and beta-endorphin, decreases in insulin and reproductive hormones), secretion of GCs and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system constitute workhorses of the stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). Some common symptoms can include: increase heart rate, chest pain, poor appetite, depression, and insomnia. Usually, coping strategies are beneficial in helping individuals manage stress physical and psychological (Huether McCance, 2012). Adaptive responses help prepare the body for fight or flight by activating adaptive immunity response to correct imbalance. Scenario 3: The patient in this case study recently retired from her job as an administrative assistance at a local hospital. She does have a history of hypertensive, but controlled for years with medication. Patient reported having problem sleeping, occasionally rapid heart rate, and decrease appetite. She also mentioned her 87-year old mother moved in a few years ago after falling down a flight of stairs and broken her hip. Martha is taking care of her mother who requires enormous amount assistance with activities of daily living. She is worried about her own health at her age and sleep habits therefore clinical manifestations suggested stress disorder. Mind Map for Tonsillitis Disorder Epidemiology Irritant contact dermatitis is common in occupations that involve repeated hand washing or repeated exposure of the skin to water, food materials, and other irritants. High-risk occupations include maintenance, health care workers food preparation, and hairstylists (Hogan Elson, 2013). The prevalence of occupational hand dermatitis was found to be 55.6% in 2 intensive care units and was 69.7% in the most highly exposed workers. Irritant contact dermatitis is significantly more common in women than men. The high frequency of hand eczema in women in comparison with men is caused by environmental factors, not genetic factors. Pathophysiology Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) is a common nonimmunologically mediated inflammation arising from the release of proinflammatory cytokines from skin cells (principally keratinocytes), usually in responses to chemical stimuli such as cleansers, soap detergent, and various chemical agents (Hogan Elson, 2013). The main pathophysiological changes are skin barrier disruption, epidermal cellular changes and cytokine release hones naà ¯ve T- lymphocytes to the skin. Patients with altered barrier function are more prone to ICD. Risk factors People who work in occupational hazard environment and handles irritant such as cleaners, nurses, construction workers, mechanics, and agricultural workers are at risk for developing irritant contact dermatitis (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Another risk factor is younger workers often less experienced than their older colleagues or may have a more careless attitude about safety measures causing them to develop the disorder (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Clinical presentation Clinically, irritant contact dermatitis presents with scaly erythematous plaques, cracking of the skin, inflammation, dryness, and fissuring. It commonly involves web spaces that extend to the dorsal and ventral surface of the hand and fingers (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Vesicles do not typically form. Pruritus can be mild; however, stinging, burning and pain are frequently reported symptoms. Diagnosis Irritant contact dermatitis does not need a specific test because ICD can be diagnosed through clinical examination and a careful history. A clinical examination must include a careful look at the distribution of the dermatitis (palmar, dorsal, face, abdomen, web spaces, and fingernails) as well as the extension of dermatitis to wrists or forearms (Mayo Clinic, 2012). The history should include a questionnaire that addresses the individual name and address of the employer; the worker’s job’s title and a description of functions. The worker should provide a list of all chemicals handled and supply information about them, such as found on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) in order to provide an appropriate diagnosis (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Adaptive responses to alteration Harding or accommodation has been defined as the adaptation of the skin from altered local expression of multiple cytokines and inflammatory mediators with repeated irritation from skin irritants. Accommodated skin has a relatively thicker layer of stratum granulosum versus normal skin. Accommodated skin may exhibit a slight sheen and glossy appearance with a mild scale. On manipulation, there may also be a slight loss of elasticity (Huether McCance, 2012). Conclusion When successful, an adaptive immune response terminates infection and provides long-lasting protective immunity against the pathogen that provoked response. Adaptive immunity is an evolving process within a person’s lifetime, in which each infection changes the make-up of that individual’s lymphocyte population. Adaptive immunity is an evolving process within a person’s lifetime, in which each infection changes the make-up of that individual’s lymphocyte population (Huether McCance, 2012). These changes are neither inherited nor passed on but, during the course of a lifetime, they determine a person’s fitness and their susceptibility to disease. Failures to develop a successful adaptive response can arise from inherited deficiencies in the immune system or from the pathogen’s ability to escape, avoid, or subvert the immune response. Such failures can lead to debilitating chronic infections or death (Huether McCance, 2012). References Golden, S. Shaw, T. (2013). Hand dermatitis: Review of clinical features and treatment options. Retrieved from www.cutis.com/fileadmin/content†¦/SCMS_vol32_No3_Golden.pdf Hogan, D., Elston, D. M. (2013). Irritant contact dermatitis. Medscape. Retrieved from emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049353-overview Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Mayo Clinic. (2012). Tonsillitis. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org/diseases†¦/tonsillitis/†¦/con-20023538 Tonsillitis. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://wwe.britannica.com/Ebchecked/topic/599370/tonsillitis